ANTROPOGEN OMILLAR TA’SIRIDA TUPROQ ZARARLANISHINI BARTARAF QILISHNING GIGIYENIK AHAMIYATI
Abstract
Bundan bir necha milliard yillar ilgari er qattiq tosh va qoyalardan iborat bo`lgan. Unga suv, shamol, issiq va sovuq havo harorati ta`sir etib emirgan va tuproqqa aylantirgan. Hosil bo`lgan erda o`simliklar, hayvonlar paydo bo`lgan. Chunki o`simliklar yerdan erigan mineral tuzlarni ildizi orqali surish xususiyatiga ega. Tuproqlarning tabiatdagi va jamiyat hayotidagi roli g’oyat beqiyosdir. Tuproq organizmlar uchun hayot muhiti, ozuqa manbai hisoblanadi. Demak, tuproq deb, uniumdorlik hususiyatiga ega bo`lgan yer yuzasining ustki, g’ovak qatlamiga aytiladi. Tuproq tugaydigan va tiklanadigan resurslarga kiradi. Tuzilishiga ko`ra 3 asosiy qatlamga ajratiladi: A- eng ustki gumus (chirindil) qatlam; V-mineral va organik birikmalar to`planadigan gorizont; S –tuproq vujudga keladigan ona jinsi. Tuproqning har bir gorizonti organik va mineral birikmalar aralashmasidan iborat. Tuproq tarixiy tarkib topgan murakkab, mustaqil tabiiy jism bo`lib o`zgaruvchidir. 1 gramm tuproqda 1 mln. dan ortiq sodda hayvonlar va tuban o`simliklar uchraydi. Ma`lumki, sog’lom unumdor 1 gektar erdagi tuproqda 3-3,5 milliard tonna mikro va mikroorganizmlar bo`lib, ular 8-12 tonnani tashkil etadi. Bularga dala sichqonlari, tuproqda yashovchi xilma xil hasharotlar yomg`ir chuvalchangi kabilar kiradi. Ayniqsa, yomg`ir chuvalchangining tuproq strukturasini yaxshilashdagi roli juda kattadir. Yomg`ir chuvalchangi yerda 1 metrga qadar chuqurlikda “kanalchalar” qazib, ular orqali o`simlik ildizi tashqaridan nafas olishi va suv, oziq moddalar so`rishi imkonini beradi. Ular yilida ovqat hazm qilish organlari orqali 300-400 tonna tuproqni o`tkazib, tuproq unumdorligini oshiradi. Yomg`ir chuvalchangining yer unumdorligini oshirishdagi ahamiyatini hisobga olib AQSh va ba`zan g`arbiy Yevropa mamlakatlarida uni ko`paytirib sotuvchi maxsus fermalar ishlab turibdi. Bunday ishlar respublikamiz va viloyatimizda ham tashkil etilmoqda.Inson paydo bo`libdiki, uning hayoti yer bilan bog`liq. Chunki u yerni yashash makoni, tirikchilik manbai va ishlab chiqarish vositasi sifatida qabul qilgan. Tuproqning kishilik jamiyati uchun ahamiyati shundaki, o`z-o`zidan tozalash xususiyatiga ega bo`lib, tabiatdagi iflos moddalarni biologik yo`l bilan tozalaydi va neytrallashtiradi. Yer yuzasining 2/3 (361 mln. km2) qismini suvlik, 1/3 (149 mln. km2) qismini tashkil etadi. Quruqlikning 13% i (1,9 mlrd. ga) haydab ekin ekiladi, 14% ini sug`oriladigan ekin maydonidagi yerlar tashkil etadi.0,7 mln lalmikor` 23 mln sug`oriladigan yaylovlar va 4.2 mln ga yaqin sug`oriladigan yerlarga paxta ekiladi, 12% iga g`alla ekiladi.
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